To provide the first nationwide reconnaissance of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in water resources, the U.S. Geological Survey used five newly developed analytical methods to measure concentrations of 95 OWCs in water samples from a network of 139 streams across 30 states during 1999 and 2000. The selection of sampling sites was biased toward streams susceptible to contamination (i.e. Downstream of intense urbanization and livestock production). OWCs were prevalent during this study, being found in 80% of the streams sampled.

The compounds detected represent a wide range of residential, industrial, and agricultural origins and uses with 82 of the 95 OWCs being found during this study. The most frequently detected compounds were coprostanol (fecal steroid), cholesterol (plant and animal steroid), N, N-diethyltoluamide (insect repellant), caffeine (stimulant), triclosan (antimicrobial disinfectant), tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (fire retardant), and 4-nonylphenol (nonionic detergent metabolite). Measured concentrations for this study were generally low and rarely exceeded drinking-water guidelines, drinking-water health advisories, or aquatic-life criteria. Many compounds, however, do not have such guidelines established. The detection of multiple OWCs was common for this study, with a median of seven and as many as 38 OWCs being found in a given water sample. Little is known about the potential interactive effects (such as synergistic or antagonistic toxicity) that may occur from complex mixtures of OWCs in the environment.

Vacuum steam is the general term used for saturated steam at temperatures below 100°C. Example - Boiling Water at 100 o C, 0 bar Atmospheric Pressure At atmospheric pressure (0 bar g, absolute 1 bar ) water boils at 100 o C and 417.51 kJ of energy is required to heat 1 kg of water from 0 o C to evaporating temperature 100 o C.

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In addition, results of this study demonstrate the importance of obtaining data on metabolites to fully understand not only the fate and transport of OWCs in the hydrologic system but also their ultimate overall effect on human health and the environment.

Welcome to the WaterSteamPro site Bookmarks: WaterSteamPro is a set of programs for calculating properties of water, steam, gases and gases mixtures. With WaterSteamPro you can calculate thermophysical properties (specific volume, enthalpy, entropy, internal energy, speed of sound, isochoric and isobaric heat capacity, Joule-Thomson coefficient, kinematic and dynamic viscosity, Prandtl number, thermal conductivity, surface tension, etc) of water/steam from triple point (611 Pa, 0.01°C) to point with parameters (100 MPa, 800°C) and for pressures up to 50 MPa with temperatures up to 2000°C.

You can calculate these properties with various input arguments sets: (p, t), (p, h), (p, s), (h, s), (r, h) in full above-mentioned range (including double-phase region: water-steam and saturation line). There are also functions for calculating thermodynamic properties in meta-stable region of super-cooled steam. The source formulations for WaterSteamPro (water/steam) functions are mainly the formulations from International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam –. WaterSteamPro use the latest formulations from IAPWS (IF-97, etc). With WaterSteamPro you can also calculate the thermodynamic properties (specific volume, enthalpy, entropy, internal energy, isochoric and isobaric heat capacity) of 11th gases (components of combustion products and air) and mixtures on their base for temperatures from 200K to 2500K with various input arguments sets: (t), (h), (p, s). The gases and mixtures processed as ideals gases and ideal mixtures.

You can use WaterSteamPro in: • WaterSteamPro Calculator, WaterSteamPro Excel Calculator or WaterSteamPro Gases Calculator (these programs are available in WaterSteamPro installation) to simply calculate properties. • Excel (from Office 97 to Office 2010 and above, 32 bit or 64 bit). • Mathcad (from Mathcad 7 to Mathcad 15). • MATLAB ( 32 bit or 64 bit). • Scilab (from version 5.2, 32 bit or 64 bit). • Visual Basic. • Visual Basic for Applications ( 32 bit or 64 bit).